Heart Failure with Preserved Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction / Insuficiência Cardíaca com Fração de Ejeção do Ventrículo Esquerdo Preservada em Pacientes com Infarto Agudo do Miocárdio

AbstractBackground:The prevalence and clinical outcomes of heart failure with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction after acute myocardial infarction have not been well elucidated.Objective:To analyze the prevalence of heart failure with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction in acute myocardial infarction and its association with mortality.Methods:Patients with acute myocardial infarction (n = 1,474) were prospectively included. Patients without heart failure (Killip score = 1), with heart failure with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (Killip score > 1 and left ventricle ejection fraction ≥ 50%), and with systolic dysfunction (Killip score > 1 and left ventricle ejection fraction < 50%) on admission were compared. The association between systolic dysfunction with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction and in-hospital mortality was tested in adjusted models.Results:Among the patients included, 1,256 (85.2%) were admitted without heart failure (72% men, 67 ± 15 years), 78 (5.3%) with heart failure with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (59% men, 76 ± 14 years), and 140 (9.5%) with systolic dysfunction (69% men, 76 ± 14 years), with mortality rates of 4.3%, 17.9%, and 27.1%, respectively (p < 0.001). Logistic regression (adjusted for sex, age, troponin, diabetes, and body mass index) demonstrated that heart failure with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (OR 2.91; 95% CI 1.35–6.27; p = 0.006) and systolic dysfunction (OR 5.38; 95% CI 3.10 to 9.32; p < 0.001) were associated with in-hospital mortality.Conclusion:One-third of patients with acute myocardial infarction admitted with heart failure had preserved left ventricular ejection fraction. Although this subgroup exhibited more favorable outcomes than those with systolic dysfunction, this condition presented a three-fold higher risk of death than the group without heart failure. Patients with acute myocardial infarction and heart failure with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction encounter elevated short-term risk and require special attention and monitoring during hospitalization.

ResumoFundamento:A prevalência e os desfechos clínicos em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo preservada pós-infarto agudo do miocárdio ainda não foram bem elucidados.Objetivo:Analisar a prevalência de insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo preservada no infarto agudo do miocárdio e sua associação com a mortalidade.Métodos:Pacientes com infarto agudo do miocárdio (n = 1.474) foram incluídos prospectivamente. Pacientes admitidos sem insuficiência cardíaca (Killip = 1), com insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo preservada (Killip > 1 e fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo ≥ 50%) e com insuficiência cardíaca sistólica (Killip > 1 e fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo < 50%) foram comparados. A associação entre insuficiência cardíaca sistólica e com fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo preservada, com a mortalidade hospitalar foi testada em modelos ajustados.Resultados:Dentre os incluídos, 1.256 (85,2%) pacientes foram admitidos sem insuficiência cardíaca (72% homens, 67 ± 15 anos), 78 (5,3%) com insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo preservada (59% homens, 76 ± 14 anos) e 140 (9,5%) com insuficiência cardíaca sistólica (69% homens, 76 ± 14 anos), com mortalidade, respectivamente, de 4,3; 17,9 e 27,1% (p < 0,001). A regressão logística (ajustada para sexo, idade, troponina, diabetes e índice de massa corporal) demonstrou que insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo preservada (odds ratio de 2,91; intervalo de confiança de 95% de 1,35-6,27; p = 0,006) e insuficiência cardíaca sistólica (odds ratio de 5,38; intervalo de confiança de 95% de 3,10-9,32; p < 0,001) se associaram à mortalidade intra-hospitalar.Conclusão:Um terço dos pacientes com infarto agudo do miocárdio admitidos com insuficiência cardíaca apresentou fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo preservada. Apesar de esse subgrupo ter evolução mais favorável que os pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca sistólica, ele apresentou risco de morte três vezes maior do que o grupo sem insuficiência cardíaca. Pacientes com infarto agudo do miocárdio e insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo preservada apresentaram elevado risco em curto prazo e mereceram especial atenção e monitorização durante a internação hospitalar.

Heart failure with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction in patients with acute myocardial infarction.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence and clinical outcomes of heart failure with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction after acute myocardial infarction have not been well elucidated. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the prevalence of heart failure with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction in acute myocardial infarction and its association with mortality. METHODS: Patients with acute myocardial infarction (n = 1,474) were prospectively included. Patients without heart failure (Killip score = 1), with heart failure with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (Killip score > 1 and left ventricle ejection fraction ≥ 50%), and with systolic dysfunction (Killip score > 1 and left ventricle ejection fraction < 50%) on admission were compared. The association between systolic dysfunction with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction and in-hospital mortality was tested in adjusted models. RESULTS: Among the patients included, 1,256 (85.2%) were admitted without heart failure (72% men, 67 ± 15 years), 78 (5.3%) with heart failure with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (59% men, 76 ± 14 years), and 140 (9.5%) with systolic dysfunction (69% men, 76 ± 14 years), with mortality rates of 4.3%, 17.9%, and 27.1%, respectively (p < 0.001). Logistic regression (adjusted for sex, age, troponin, diabetes, and body mass index) demonstrated that heart failure with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (OR 2.91; 95% CI 1.35-6.27; p = 0.006) and systolic dysfunction (OR 5.38; 95% CI 3.10 to 9.32; p < 0.001) were associated with in-hospital mortality. CONCLUSION: One-third of patients with acute myocardial infarction admitted with heart failure had preserved left ventricular ejection fraction. Although this subgroup exhibited more favorable outcomes than those with systolic dysfunction, this condition presented a three-fold higher risk of death than the group without heart failure. Patients with acute myocardial infarction and heart failure with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction encounter elevated short-term risk and require special attention and monitoring during hospitalization.

Exercise-induced ventricular arrhythmias: analysis of predictive factors in a population with sleep disorders / Arritmia ventricular esforço-induzida: análise dos fatores preditores em uma população com queixas de sono

Objective: To assess the prevalence of ventricular arrhythmias induced by exercise in a population with sleep disorders and to analyze the triggering factors. Methods: Patients were consecutively selected from the database of the Sleep Clinic of Universidade Federal de São Paulo. All subjects were submitted to basal polysomnography, blood sample collection, physical examination, 12-lead ECG, spirometry, cardiorespiratory exercise study on a treadmill, and echocardiogram. The Control Group was matched for age and gender. Results: A total of 312 patients were analyzed. Exercise-induced ventricular arrhythmia was observed in 7%. The aortic diameter was larger (3.44 ± 0.30, 3.16 ± 0.36, p = 0.04) and the minimal saturation was lower (92.75 ± 3.05, 95.50 ± 1.73, p=0.01) in the ventricular arrhythmia group when compared to controls, respectively. After correction of the aortic root to body surface, there was only a trend to a larger diameter being associated with the emergence of arrhythmia. Conclusions: Exercise-induced ventricular arrhythmia was observed in 7% of sample and it was associated with lower oxygen saturation during exercise.

Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência de arritmias ventriculares esforço-induzidas em uma população com distúrbios do sono e determinar seus fatores desencadeantes. Métodos: Foram selecionados consecutivamente pacientes do banco de dados da Clínica de Sono que foram submetidos à polissonografia basal por queixas de sono. Foi realizada coleta de sangue, seguida de avaliação clínica, eletrocardiograma de 12 derivações, espirometria, teste cardiopulmonar e ecocardiograma. O Grupo Controle foi formado por pacientes que não desenvolveram arritmias durante o esforço, pareados por sexo e idade. Resultados: Foram selecionados 320 e analisados 312 pacientes. Um total de 7% deles desenvolveram arritmia ventricular durante o teste cardiopulmonar. O diâmetro da aorta foi maior (3.44 ± 0.30, 3.16 ± 0.36, p = 0.04) e a saturação mínima observada durante o esforço foi menor (92.75 ± 3.05, 95.50 ± 1.73, p = 0.01) no grupo com arritmia quando comparado ao controle, respectivamente. Após correção do diâmetro de raiz da aorta para a superfície corpórea, houve apenas tendência de associação entre maior diâmetro e aparecimento de arritmia. Conclusões: O aparecimento de arritmia ventricular induzida pelo esforço foi observado em 7% da amostra e associado à menor saturação de oxigênio durante o exercício. Houve tendência de maior diâmetro da raiz de aorta nesse grupo.

Exercise-induced ventricular arrhythmias: analysis of predictive factors in a population with sleep disorders.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of ventricular arrhythmias induced by exercise in a population with sleep disorders and to analyze the triggering factors. METHODS: Patients were consecutively selected from the database of the Sleep Clinic of Universidade Federal de São Paulo. All subjects were submitted to basal polysomnography, blood sample collection, physical examination, 12-lead ECG, spirometry, cardiorespiratory exercise study on a treadmill, and echocardiogram. The Control Group was matched for age and gender. RESULTS: A total of 312 patients were analyzed. Exercise-induced ventricular arrhythmia was observed in 7%. The aortic diameter was larger (3.44 ± 0.30, 3.16 ± 0.36, p = 0.04) and the minimal saturation was lower (92.75 ± 3.05, 95.50 ± 1.73, p=0.01) in the ventricular arrhythmia group when compared to controls, respectively. After correction of the aortic root to body surface, there was only a trend to a larger diameter being associated with the emergence of arrhythmia. CONCLUSIONS: Exercise-induced ventricular arrhythmia was observed in 7% of sample and it was associated with lower oxygen saturation during exercise.

Sincronia eletromecânica ecocardiográfica tridimensional: comparação com a fração de ejeção tridimensional e bidimensional para a análise da performance sistólica ventricular esquerda / Three-dimensional echocardiographic analysis of electromechanical synchrony: comparison with three threedimensional and two-dimensional ejection fraction for evaluation of left ventricular systolic performance

Objetivo: Comparar a análise da sincronia do ventrículo esquerdo (VE)aferida com a ecocardiografia (ECO) tridimensional com as medidasde fração de ejeção do VE (FEVE) obtidas com ECO bidimensional(2D) e tridimensional (3D). Métodos: Estudo prospectivo de 71indivíduos (41 homens, 49 ± 11 anos), 40 apresentando anatomiacardíaca (ECO) e eletrocardiografia (ECG) normais (Grupo N), 31pacientes portadores de cardiomiopatia dilatada (Grupo CMD). Forammedidos com a ECO 3D: FEVE, volumes e o índice de dissincronia(ID) % para 16 segmentos do VE; com o ECO 2D foram aferidos: FEVE (método de Simpson) e volumes. As informações foram analisadascom a aferição do coeficiente de correlação (Pearson), intervalo deconfiança (IC) de 95%, teste de regressão linear, teste de Bland-Altman, p < 0,05. Resultados: O ID% variou de 0,32 a 21,7% (5,94± 6,46), a FEVE 3D variou de 0,16 a 0,73 (0,51 ± 0,15); a FEVE 2Dvariou de 0,2 a 0,7 (0,47 ± 0,17). A correlação entre ID% e FEVE3D foi (r): -0,8203, p < 0,0001, IC = -0,8844 a -0,7259; a relaçãolinear entre ID% (x) e FEVE 3D (y) foi y = 63,4515 + (-2,0233)x, p < 0,0001. A correlação entre ID% e FEVE 2D foi (r): -0,7046,p < 0,0001, IC = -0,7675 a -0,5824. Conclusões: Neste estudo foiobservada boa correlação negativa entre a sincronia VE (ECO 3D) e aFEVE medida ao ecocardiograma (3D e 2D).

Fatores associados à presença de doença arterial periférica em indivíduos muito idosos da comunidade: proposta de escore clínico para identificação de indivíduos de alto risco / Risk factors for peripheral arterial disease in old-old community residents: development of a clinical score to identify high risk individuals

Fundamentos. A prevalência de doença arterial periférica (DAP) é elevada entre os muito idosos (;:: 75 anos). A maioria dos pacientes é assintomática e o exame fisico pouco sensível para detectar a doença. Faltam escores de predição para rastreamento da DAP nessa população. Objetivo. Desenvolver um escore clínico de predição de DAP em indivíduos muito idosos da comunidade. Tipo de estudo. Estudo transversal aninhado em uma coorte, o Estudo Epidoso. Local. Base comunitária urbana. Área residencial no Distrito da Saúde, zona sul da cidade de São Paulo-SP, Região Sudeste do Brasil. Participantes. 176 indivíduos (;:: 75 anos) da comunidade, incluídos no Epidoso, após estudo censitário. Variáveis. A presença de DAP foi definida por meio do índice tornozelo-braquial :s 0,90. Os fatores associados à DAP, na análise univariada, foram analisados em modelo de regressão logística e um escore de risco foi formulado de acordo com a probabilidade de DAP. Valores de p < 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significantes. Resultados. A prevalência de DAP foi de 36,4 por cento. Os preditores independentes identificados na regressão logística foram anormalidades dos pulsos dos pés, hipertensão arterial, tabagismo e dor ou desconforto nas pernas durante a caminhada. Essas variáveis obtiveram escores de 13, 9, 5 e 5, respectivamente. O ponto de corte (cutojj) para definir "alto risco para DAP" ficou acima dos 18 pontos e resultou em sensibilidade de 85,9 por cento, especificidade de 71,4 por cento, valor preditivo positivo de 63,2 por cento e valor preditivo negativo de 89,9 por cento. A discriminação e a calibração do modelo foram excelentes (área sob a curva ROC = 0,85 e teste goodness-of-fit = 5,17, P = 0,639). Conclusão. O escore clínico proposto é uma ferramenta simples e útil para identificar indivíduos muito idosos da comunidade com alto risco para DAP e que devem ser submetidos à investigação mais detalhada.

Pharmacological therapy for myocardial infarction in the elderly: An 8-year analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the changes in the medicamentous treatment of elderly patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction occurring over an 8-year period. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 379 patients above the age of 65 years with acute myocardial infarction who were admitted to the coronary unit of a university-affiliated hospital from 1990 to 1997. The patients were divided into 2 groups, according to the period of time of hospital admission as follows: group 1 - from 1990 to 1993; and group 2 - from 1994 to 1997. RESULTS: The use of beta-blockers (40.8% X 75.2%, p<0.0001) and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (42% X 59.5%, p=0.001) was significantly greater in group 2, while the use of calcium antagonists (42% X 18.5%, p<0.0001) and general antiarrhythmic drugs (19.1% X 10.8%, p=0.03) was significantly lower. No significant difference was observed in regard to the use of acetylsalicylic acid, thrombolytic agents, nitrate, and digitalis in the period studied. The length of hospitalization was shorter in group 2 (13.4+/-8.9 days X 10.5+/-7.5 days, p<0.001). The in-hospital mortality was 35.7% in group 1 and 26.6% in group 2 (p=0.07). CONCLUSION: Significant changes were observed in the treatment of elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction, with a greater use of beta-blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and a lower use of calcium antagonists and antiarrhythmic drugs in group 2. The length of hospitalization and the mortality rate were also lower in group 2, even though the reduction in mortality was not statistically significant.

Terapêutica farmacológica do infarto do miocárdio em idosos. Análise de oito anos / Pharmacological therapy for myocardial infarction in the elderly. An 8-year analysis

OBJECTIVE :To assess the changes in the medicamentous treatment of elderly patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction occurring over an 8-year period. METHODS :We retrospectively analyzed 379 patients above the age of 65 years with acute myocardial infarction who were admitted to the coronary unit of a university-affiliated hospital from 1990 to 1997. The patients were divided into 2 groups, according to the period of time of hospital admission as follows: group 1 - from 1990 to 1993; and group 2 - from 1994 to 1997. RESULTS :The use of beta-blockers (40.8 percentchi 75.2 percent, p<0.0001) and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (42 percent chi59.5 percent, p=0.001) was significantly greater in group 2, while the use of calcium antagonists (42 percent chi 18.5 percent, p<0.0001) and general antiarrhythmic drugs (19.1 percent chi 10.8 percent, p=0.03) was significantly lower. No significant difference was observed in regard to the use of acetylsalicylic acid, thrombolytic agents, nitrate, and digitalis in the period studied. The length of hospitalization was shorter in group 2 (13.4±8.9 days chi 10.5±7.5 days, p<0.001). The in-hospital mortality was 35.7 percent in group 1 and 26.6 percent in group 2 (p=0.07). CONCLUSION : Significant changes were observed in the treatment of elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction, with a greater use of beta-blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and a lower use of calcium antagonists and antiarrhythmic drugs in group 2. The length of hospitalization and the mortality rate were also lower in group 2, even though the reduction in mortality was not statistically significant